The state is now shareholder, regulator and partner
Across Africa's mining countries, the largest risk a company can actually control is no longer the orebody, the metal price or the plant. It is the relationship with the state, and that relationship is usually held, or lost, by one person: the country leader or General Manager on the ground.
The state's role has changed. It used to collect a royalty and stand back. Today it commonly owns a share of the mine, sets how much of the ore must be processed at home, and controls the licence. That has rewritten the job. The person in charge is no longer mainly a mining engineer who runs an asset. They are a diplomat and negotiator who happens to run a mine.
The qualities that decide whether such a leader succeeds, government handling, political judgement and integrity under pressure, are precisely the ones standard hiring assessment measures least well. They are what decides whether the appointment succeeds.